William Henry Brooke, Preparatory Watercolor for “Slaves Shipping Cotton by Torch-Light” (1842) Print directly from King Charles IV

directly from King Charles IV in Madrid

improved by the surveying of John Smith around 1607

Orange Bellied Squirrel

He them traveled along the Arkansas River and back down the Mississippi

All of these elements in the map appear to be intended to argue that American claims were limited to above the 31st parallel

William Henry Brooke, Preparatory Watercolor for “Slaves Shipping Cotton by Torch-Light” (1842) Print directly from King Charles IVThis rare preparatory drawing by William Henry Brooke served as the foundation for an early published visual critique of slavery in the United States. Created for James Silk Buckinghams The Slave States of America (London, 1842), the image records forced labor along the Alabama River with emotional restraint and historical clarity. Buckinghams account helped shape British public understanding of American slavery and the growing abolitionist movement.